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No. THIRTY-FIVE. 



OUTLINES OF 
GENERAL HISTORY. 



BY J. H. VINCENU 



OF 



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•cOPYRlG/7 

-FEB 15 m 



NEW YORk'N-2^ washing^ 



PHILLIPS & HUNT, 

CINCINNATI: 

WALDEN & ST OWE. 

1SS2. 



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THE LIBRARY 
or CONGRESS 

WASHINGTON 



Copj'i-ight, iS8i, by 

Hll_l_IRS &, HUN 

New York. 



PREFATORY. 



There are three histories : 

I. The Unrecorded — not therefore of neces- 
sity forgotten — remaining forever in the mind 
of the All-creating and All-knowing One, who' 
seeth the end from the beginning ; who noteth; 
the fall of the sparrow as well as the defeat 
of armies and the ruin of empires ; and who- 
alone comprehendeth the beginning, the end, 
and the reason and purpose, of both the begin- 
ning and end. 

2. The Monumental, which in deeds of cre- 
ative energy, human and divine, suggests, 
power and purpose in suns and stars, sea and. 
soil, pillar, pyramid, and city. 

3. The Written, which by stylus, chisel,, 
brush, or pen, preserves in human language 
the human interpretations of both human and 
divine movements. 

This little volume, belonging to this latter 
class, aims to present in varied methods rapid 
pictures of the world in different ages and ia 
different lands, and to call attention not only 
to the outward events, but to some of the un- 
derlying principles of all history. 

J. H. VINCENT. 

New York^ Oct. Jj^ 1S81. 



THE 

HISTORY OF THE WORLD. 



FIRST EXERCISE. 

The history of the world is the history of 
man. After the divine wisdom and power 
liad expressed themselves in the material 
xini verse, we behold, as the crowning act of 
divine energy and love, man, made in the 
image of God. The earth was given to him 
for dominion, and through the centuries he, 
in his various families, tribes, and races, has 
occupied and developed it. 

I. Standing at one end of Chamounix, 
-where the Col de Balm, or the Tete Noir, 
jeveals the Alpine boundaries of the valley to 
the traveler's vision, one observes on either 
side peak after peak rising from the wall of 
mountain, and .sharply defined against the 
TdIuc sky. Upon these the eye of the tourist 
is fixed. He studies the outline of each, and 
recalls the names which men have given 
them ; and he who knows these loftier sum- 



8 Outlines of General History, 

mits — Aiguilles, or Domes — easily acquires 
a knowledge of all the distinguishing features 
of the valley itself — crevices, avalanche beds, 
cataracts, glaciers, green fields, winding roads, 
and alpine villages. 

So to the historian, looking over the out- 
lines of human history, rise great men whose 
will and words and deeds have made history : 
for at its last analysis all history is biography, 
for it but makes record of great men — the 
past that produced them ; the present ia 
which they think, will, and perform ; and the 
future, which is the product of their thought, 
resolve, and action. Every hero represents 
millions of people whose opinion, character, 
and conduct he directly or indirectly in- 
fluences. Alexander, and not Alexander's 
soldiers or subjects, stands in history as the 
representative controlling force of his age. 
Having mastered the facts, motives, purposes, 
failures, and successes of such leaders, we 
have mastered the phenomena of general his- 
tory. Says Emerson: "When Nature has 
work to be done she creates a genius to do- 
it. Follow the great man, and you will see 
what the world has at heart in these ages^ 
There is no omen like that.*' 

2, The continents and islands of the earth, 
have been the arena in which great men have 
performed their wonders of skill and purpose j 



Outlines of General History, 9 

the plains through which run great rivers, as 
in Assyria, Babylon, and Egypt ; the lands 
of hills and valleys by the great seas, as Pal- 
estine, Greece, Italy, Germany, and England ; 
the natural fortresses of mountain fastnesses, 
as in Seir and Switzerland, The study of 
geography thus becomes the study of history. 
Imperishable names are associated with the 
great plains, rivers, valleys, and mountains 
of the planet. Its very seas and saharas sug- 
gest explorers who, for purposes of wealth, 
patriotism, or scientific devotion, have ex- 
posed themselves to perils of the great waters 
and arid deserts. The interest one feels in 
the earth as he travels over it is not so much, 
in the vastness of its oceans, the loftiness of 
its mountains, the grandeur of its rivers, the: 
splendor of its ruins, as in the memories of 
its illustrious warriors, sages, saints, suggested 
by the places which their exploits have mad© 
immortal. 

3. Man made in the image of God, like 
him, became a creator. The pressure of hiim- 
blest physical necessity which constructs a 
hut to protect from heat and eold, the lofty 
ambition of the general who erects fortress 
and citadel ; of the king who builds palace, 
pyramid, and city ; and the religious devotion 
of the worshiper who erects temple, church, 
and mosque — cause the various scenes of hu- 



JO Outlines of General History. m 

jTian activity on the earth to be more gloriotis 
and sacred because of the architectural con- 
/structions which rise, and, in whole or in part, 
remain through the passing centuries. Thus 
the study of history becomes the study of 
architectural antiquities. These venerable 
structures are thus not only monuments of men 
and of events, but expressions in granite and 
marble of dominating ideas at various periods 
•of human history. 

4. There is another way of studying his- 
tory. It is from the stand-point of the masses 
-of the people, whose ignorance, impotence, 
prejudices, and passions make them fit sub- 
jects for the guidance and despotism of mighty 
and unprincipled leaders. Here, among the 
millions, inheriting from a long past energies 
of blood and tendency worthy or base ; here, 
among humble homes full of domestic joy or 
sorrow, repinings, longings, struggles, anxie- 
ties, griefs innumerable and uncontrollable, 
hopes, divine aspirations, trustful patience, 
we find a new world, out of which as the ages 
pass, there are evolved powers in society and 
government which break scepters, sheath 
swords, cause thrones to totter, trample gov- 
ernmental precedents under foot, and bring 
from heaven strength and aspiration and re- 
;Solve which express themselves in Magna 
Chartas, Declarations of Independence, and 



Outlines of General History. ii 

Emancipation Proclamations. Thus the his- 
tory of the world, as the centuries roll on, 
becomes the history of the people, who shall 
in God's good time rule in the interest of the 
masses, and not for the support of royal fam- 
ilies, political demagogues, or commercial op- 
pressors. 

5. There is a larger factor, however, in hu- 
man history than great men : the God who is 
before all and over all, who ruleth according 
to his own will among the armies of the skies 
and among the inhabitants of the earth, giv- 
ing freedom to men and with freedom oppor- 
tunity ; holding men responsible for the use 
of their freedom, punishing their misdeeds, 
rewarding their righteousness, causing their 
wrath to praise him, and bringing to pass 
wise and beneficent results which human wis- 
dom could never foresee nor human power 
secure. 

If we could occupy the higher stand-point 
of divme wisdom and purpose, we might 
then hope to understand the philosophy of 
history, but, as an eminent critic has wisely 
remarked, "The vast chaos of being is 
xmfathomable by human experience ; so the 
philosophy of all histoiy, could it be writ- 
ten, would require infinite wisdom to under- 
stand it." 

This treatment of our subject opens up to 



12 Outlines of General History: 

us five processes by which we may secure out- 
lines of general history : 

I. Biographical. — Embracing an account 
of the famous men through whose genius and 
power the great events of history have trans- 
pired. 

II. Geographical. — Locating arenas of 
such biographical and historic activity. 

III. Monumental. — Based upon the ar- 
chitectural constructions of men and nations. 

IV. Popular. — Discussing the peoples of 
the earth, their necessities, convictions, op- 
pressions, prejudices, revolutions, final eman- 
cipation, culture, and Christianization. 

V. There is a fiftK outline which we might 
term the Providential, in which,, weire we 
able to unfold it, we might trace the gradual 
development of God's plans. Some of these 
are manifest. Others are yet to be made 
plain to our weak faith, and when the con- 
summation of our Father's purposes shall 
come, we shall see the kingdoms of this world 
become the kingdoms of our God and his Soa 
Jesus Christ. 

STUDENTS' REVIEW OUTLINE. 

1. (^Aiguilles^) Men. (Alex.) (Emerson.) 2. Cont. 

Isl. Lan. 3. Man Buil. 4. Mass. Peo. 5. God. 

Five proc. i. Biog. 2. Geog. 3. Moa. 4. Pop. 
5. Prov. 



Outlines of General History. 13 

QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINA TION. 

With what are great men in history compared ? 

How do the lands and islands of earth suggest its 
history ? 

What do the works of men suggest as to history ? 

How may history be studied from the stand-point of 
the people ? 

What does history teach concerning God ? 

What are five methods of studying the history of the 
world ? 



SECOND EXERCISE. 

I. Let us fix in mind thirty-six great char- 
acters in the history of the world, three to 
each of the monumental periods to be here« 
after indicated : 

1. To ih.^ first belong, Adam, Noah, and 
Nimrod. 

2. To the second, Abraham, Moses, and 
the mythological ^neas. 

3. To the third, Solomon, Homer, and 
Lycurgus. 

4. To the fourth, Nebuchadnezzar, 
Daniel, and Cyrus. 

5. To Wie fifth, Darius the Great, Peri- 
cles, and Alexander. 

6. To the sixth. The Gracchi, Julius 
Caesar, and Paul. 

7. To the seventh, Constantine, Attila, 
and Justinian. 



14 Outlines of General History. 

8. To the eighth, Mohammed, Omar^ 
and Charles Martel. 

9. To the ninth, Charlemagne, William 
the Conqueror, and Peter the Hermit. 

10. To the tenth, Luther, Queen Eliza- 
beth, and Cromwell. 

11. To the eleventh. Queen Anne, Peter 
the Great, and Frederick the Great. 

12. To the twelfth, Washington, Na- 
poleon, and Lincoln. 

STUDENTS' REVIEW OUTLINE. 

1. A. N. N. 2. Ab. Mo. M. 3. Sol. Ho. Ly. 
4. Neb. Dan. Cy. 5. Dar. Per. Alex, 6. Gr. Cae. 
Pau. 7. Con. At. Jus. 8. Mo. Om. Ch-Mar. 9. Ch. 
W-Con. P-Her. 10. Lu. El. Cr. 11. An. Pe. Fr. 
12. Was. Na. Lin. 



THIRD EXERCISE. 

II. Let us fix in mind the epochs of history 
as associated with the localities which have 
been the scenes of human action and the 
world's progress : 

1. The first period, from Adam, 4000 B.C., 
to Abraham, 2000 B.C., a period of 2,000 
years, is associated with the great plain be- 
tween the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, the 
cradle of the human race, and may be termed 
the Mesopotamian Epoch. 

2. The second period, 1,000 years, from. 



Outlines of General History. 15: 

Abraham, 2000 B.C., to Solomon, 1000 B.C.,. 
is the Egyptian Epoch. 

3. The third period, 400 years, from Solo-^ 
mon, 1000 B.C., to Nebuchadnezzar, 600 
B.C., is the Hebrew Epoch. 

4. The fourth period, 100 years, from Neb- 
uchadnezzar, 600 B.C., to Darius the Great, 
500 B.C., is the Chaldeo-Persian Epoch. 

5. The fifth period, 200 years, from Darius, 
500 B.C., to Alexander, 300 B.C., is the 
Greek Epoch. 

6. The sixth period, 600 years, from Alex- 
ander, 300 B.C., to Constanthie, A.D. 300, is 
the Roman Epoch. 

7. The. seventh period, 300 years, from 
Constantine, A.D. 300, to Mohammed, A.D. 
600, is the Byzantine Epoch. 

8. The eighth period, 200 years, from Mo- 
hammed, A.D. 600, to Charlemagne, A.D. 
800, is the Saracen Epoch. 

g. The ninth period, 700 years, from Char- 
lemagne, A.D. 800, to Luther, A.D. 1500, is 
the Papal Roman Epoch. 

10. The tenth period, 160 years, from Lu- 
ther, A.D. 1500, to Cromwell, A.D. 1660, the 
period of the Reformation, or the Western 
European Epoch. 

11. The eleventh period, no years, from 
Cromwell, A.D. 1660, to Washington, A.D. 
1770, the English Epoch. 



l6 Outlines of General History. 

T2. The twelfth period, no years, from 
Washington, A.D. 1770, to Garfield, A.D. 
aSSo, the American Epoch. 

STUDENTS' REVIEW OUTLINE. 

1. Ad. Ab. (2,000 yrs. 4000-2000 B.C.) Mes. Ep. 

2. Ab. Sol. (1,000 yrs. 2000-1000 B.C.) Eg. Ep. 

3. Sol. Neb. (400 yrs. 1000-600 B.C.) Heb. Ep. 

4. Neb. Dar. (100 yrs. 600-500 B.C.) Ch-Per. Ep. 

5. Dar. Al. (200 yrs. 500-300 B.C.) Gr. Ep. 

«. Al. Con. (600 yrs. 300 B.C.-300 A.D.) Ro, Ep. 

7. Con. Mo. (300 yrs. 300-600 A.D.) Byz. Ep. 

8. Mo. Ch. (200 yrs. 600-800 A.D.) Sar. Ep. 

9. Ch. Lu. (700 yrs. 800-1500 A.D.) Pa-Ro. Ep. 
no. Lu. Cro. (160 yrs. 1500-1660 A.D.) Wes. Eur. 

Ep. 

11. Cro. Was. (no yrs. 1660-1770 A.D.) Eng. Ep. 

12. Was. Gar. (no yrs. 1770-1880 A.D.) Am. Ep. 

QUESTIONS FOR EX AM IN A TION. 

What thirteen names divide the history of the world 
iinto twelve epochs? 

With what dates does each of these twelve epochs 
ibegin and end ? 

How long is each one of these twelve epochs ? 

Give the geographical name by which each epoch 
may be known. 



FOURTH EXERCISE. 

Let us fix in mind twelve memorial edifices 
•and their several localities. These will be 
the basis of the general historical outline, 
which it will be difficult to forget. 



Outlines of General History. 17 




I. By the Euphrates 
in the far East we be- 
hold the Tower of 
Babel, once very 
lofty, and so carefully 
constructed that its 
ruins still remain. 
With this is associated 
the early history of the 
race, and the great 
events of the Mesopotamian Epoch, 
Adam to Abra- 



ham, 40GO to 2000 
B.C. 

2. Between 

eight and nine 
hundred miles, in 
a westerly direc- 
tion, we come to 
the great Pyramid 
■OF Egypt, standing to-day almost as hi 
when it was erected 
thousands of years 
ago, and repi-esent- 
ing the Egyptian 
Epoch, from Abra- 
h a m to Solomon, 
2000 to 1000 B. C. 

3. Moving to the 
north-east two hun- 
2 



from 




nl^^^;-5^^4^ 



s:h as 




1 8 Outlines of General History. 



iM9m 




dred and fifty miles we are in the court of 
Solomon's Temple, at Jerusalem, the em- 
blem of the Hebrew Epoch, from Solomoir 
to Nebuchadnezzar, looo to 600 B. C. 

4. Returning al- 
most due east, 
about six hundred 
miles from this 
point to Babylon, 
where we stood at 
the beginning, we 
walk among flow- 
ers and fountains on the Hanging Gardens 
of Babylon, which represents the Chaldeo- 
Persian Epoch, from Nebuchadneazar to 
Darius, 600 to 500 B. C. 

5. Passing from 
Babylon, in a 
Borth-westerly di- 
rection about four- 
te en hu nd red 
miles, we stand at 
the entrance of the 
Parthenon, oa 
the Acropolis, at 

Athens, the monumental edifice of the Greek; 
Epoch, from Darius to Alexander,, 500 to 
300 B. C. 

6. A little north of west, about six hun- 
dred miles, we take our place in the famous 




Outli7tes of General History. 19 




Forum at Rome, 
which presents to 
us the Roman 
Epoch, from Alex- 
ander to Constan- 
tine, 300 B. C. to 
300 A, D. 

7. Ahnost due 
east from Rome, 
about eight hundred miles, we enter the an- 
cient Church of 

ST.SoPHiA,inCon- -j^=i^.. 

stantinople, the 
monument of the 
Byzantine 
Epoch, from Con- 
stantine to Mo- 
hammed, 300 to 
600 A. D. 

8. Due south, fifteen hundred miles, places 
us in the mosque at 
Mecca, where we find 
the Holy Stone, the 
Kaaba, venerated by 
every Moslem, and 
emblematic of the 
Saracen Epoch, 
from Mohammed to 
Charlemagne, 600 to 
800 A. D. 





■20 Outlines of General History. 



9. Another sweep 
of two thousand miles 
west of north and we 
stand at the High 
Altar of St. Peter's 
Cathedral at Rome, 
an appropriate mon- 
ument of the Papal- 
Roman Epoch, from 
Charlemagne to Lu- 

10. Six hundred 
miles, slightly to the 
west of north, and we 
stand before the 
Church-door at Wit- 
temburg, on which Lu- 
ther's famous theses 
were nailed, the rep- 
resentative building of 
the Western Euro- 
pean Epoch, from Luther to Cromwell, 
1500 to 1660 A. D. 

II. Almost due 
west, two hundred 
and fifty miles, 
places us in West- 
9 MINSTER Abbey, 
the monument of 
the English 





Outlines of General History. 21 

Epoch, from Cromwell to Washington, i66a 
to 1770 A. D. 

12. A journey by 
sea of a little more 
than three thou- 
sand miles places 
us in Independ- 
ence Hall, in 
Philadelphia, and 
the American 
Epoch, from 
Washington to Garfield, 1770 to 18S0 A. D. 




STUDENTS' REVIEW OUTLINE. 

12 Mon. Ed.— 1. Tow. Bab. 2. Gr. Pyr. 3. Sol. 
Tern. 4. Han. Gar. 5. Par. 6. Fo. Ro. 7. St. 
Sop. 8. Ho. Sto. Mec. 9. H. Alt. St. Pet. lO. Ch.- 
do.Wit. 11. West. Ab. 12. Ind. Hall. 

QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINA TION. 
What twelve edifices will represent the periods of 
history ? 

Describe each edifice. 

Name the epoch which it represents. 



22 Outlines of General History, 




1. The Outlook from the Tower of Babel. 

Our first period embraces two thousand 
years, from the creation of Adam to the birth 
•of Abram. From an imaginary position on 
the ruined Tower of Babel, which was 
built soon after the deluge, 2348 B. C.,* we 
have but to look eastward to find the sup- 
posed site of the early home of our race, 
where the Euphrates and the Tigris flowed, 
the land of Eden in which the garden was 
situated. Looking northward we may almost 
descry the lofty heights of Ararat, where tra- 
dition locates the resting of the ark. And at 
our feet, on the plains by the Euphrates, did 

* The dates of events previous to the days of Moses 
are very uncertain. Students of history vary in their 
estimates of time by thousands of years. We retain 
the figures of Archbishop Usher, not regarding them 
as reliable, but as in common use, and convenient for 
measurement of the periods until historians can unite 
upon a definite chronology. 



Outlmes of General History, 23 

the children of men propose to build a tower 
that should reach to heaven, in defiance of 
another flood which they feared, and of a 
divine command to disperse and settle the 
«arth. From this point went forth the races 
of men, northward, southward, eastward, and 
westward, to cultivate the ground, build cities, 
establish nations, and fill the earth with a 
mighty population, preparing the way for the 
coming of the King of kings. Standing upon 
the summit of the unfinished Tower of Babel, 
we look afar over the thinly populated lands. 
The young heart of the x-ace already thrills 
with the passion for conquest, and the great 
migrations are just beginning. Eastward 
India and China are just beginning their 
monotonous history. Westward a colony by 
the banks of the Nile, led by Menes or Mis- 
Taim, are laying the foundations of Egyptian 
civilization. In their tents east of the Cas- 
pian Sea, and north of the Hindu Koosh 
Mountains, dwell the great Aryan race, just 
commencing those journeys which are to 
people Europe, to conquer Asia, and to give 
"birth to the mightiest nations of the earth. 
The European continent is perhaps a silent 
"waste, untrodden by men, or at best a land 
Avhere a few cave-dwellers fight the mam- 
moth and hunt the reindeer. From Babel, as 
an historic stand-point, we see : r. The first 



24 Outlines of General History. 

man in his home. 2. The venerable Methu- 
selah, who served as a link for personal tes- 
timony between Adam and Noah. 3. Enoch^ 
the holy man, who, in a degenerate age» 
walked with God. 4. The building of the 
ark, and the deluge. 5. The repopulation 
of the earth through the family of Noah. 
6. The concentration of power at Babylon, 
in defiance of the divine purpose and com- 
mand. 7. The defeat of the human purpose, 
by a divine process, in the confusion of 
tongues. And from this point we look for- 
ward to 8. The birth of Abram, midway in 
point of time between the " first Adam " and 
the " second Adam." He was chosen of" God, 
the founder of a new nation, the depository of 
divine truth for all nations, himself the " Fa- 
ther of the faithful." 
4 



Events of the Mesopotamian Epoch, 4000 to 
2000 B.C. 

The Creation of Man, (common chronol- 

ogj',) B.C. 4004 

The Translation of Enoch " 3017 

The Deluge " 2348 

The Building of Babel " 2247 

The Birth of Abram "" 1996 



STUDENTS' REVIEW OUTLINE. 
First Period. 
Tow. ^oh.—East, Ind. Chin. North, Ary. West., 
Egi^ 

Events: 1. Fir. M. 2. Meth. 3. Eno. 4. Bui. Ar. 
A. Fam. No. 6. Bab. 7. Conf. Ton. 8. Ab. 



Outlines of General History. 25 



QUESTIONS FOR EXAM IN A TION. 

Describe the memorial edifice of the first period. 
Upon what scenes did it look out, north, east, west ^ 
What great events are associated with the firstt 
period ? 




2. The Outlook from the P3rrainid. 

Rising out of the sands of Egypt, with the 
Sphynx at its feet, and the Nile rolling past, 
stands our second great monumental building, 
the Great Pyramid, the most massive struct- 
ure ever raised by the hand of man, built in an 
age so early that its date cannot be given with 
certainty, and looking down through the cent- 
uries upon all the events of history. It 
stands as a fitting symbol of the thousand 
years between Abraham and Solomon, (2000 
to 1000 B.C.,) the Egyptian Epoch, while the 
empire on the Nile was at its height. From 
its lofty summit we look over the world at 
three points of time, during the lives of three 
men, of whom two saw the Pyramid and the 



:26" Outlines of Ge7ieral History. 

.•third married a princess who had lived by its 
.side. 

Our first outlook from the Pyramid is in the 
time of Abraham, about 2000 B.C. In Egypt 
ithe old Memphian monarchy, founded by 
Menes, has given place to the Middle King- 
•dom, and Thebes, "of the hundred gates," 
;is the royal city. The great kings Sesorta- 
sen I. and II. have conquered Ethiopia, and 
Amenemes III. has built the Labyrinth and 
■dug out Lake Mceris. But the kingdom is 
soon to decline and sink under the arms of 
the Hyksos, or Shepherd Kings from Asia, and 
a darkness of four centuries will settle over 
the land. In the East Babylon still holds 
pre-eminence ; but her arrogance is leading 
the subject races to emigrate and found na- 
tions elsewhere. Abraham will soon hear 
the divine call, and his tent, pitched now on 
the Euphrates, will soon bear to Canaan the 
world's hope of a Redeemer. A few fishing 
villages line the eastern shore of the Mediter- 
ranean, and afar the earliest Pelasgi have 
just entered Greece and begun to erect their 
rough Cyclopean walls. 

We ascend the Pyramid once more in the 
age of Moses, 1500 B. C, and note the 
changes that have swept across the world. 
Egypt, after a long period of decline, has 
risen to the summit of its greatness. Thebes 



Outlines of General History. 27 

is once more the center of the New Empire, 
and under the scepter of Rameses II., the 
mightiest of all the Pharaohs, now receives 
tribute from the lands between the Euphra- 
tes and Ethiopia, and is crowded with tro- 
phies of art. Joseph has ruled and died, 
and the Israelites are toiling under their 
burdens, while their coming deliverer is feed- 
ing his flock in the wilderness. Nineveh is 
a-ismg on the bank of the Tigris, destined 
soon to shake off the Chaldean supremacy 
and establish the Assyrian Empire. In Eu- 
rope, the cities of Thebes, Corinth, and 
Athens have just been founded, and Minos 
reigns in the island of Crete. 

Once more we are standing upon the Pyra- 
mid, in the age of Solomon, 1000 B.C. We 
notice that, after two centuries of splendor, 
Egypt has declined in prominence and power, 
and also that the star of Babylon has paled 
under the light of Nineveh, 300 miles to the 
north, where the Assyrian Empire is rising 
to supremacy. We trace the history of the 
Israelites for five centuries, beginning with 
the Exodus under Moses, then following 
their wandering in the wilderness, the con- 
quest of Canaan under Joshua, their varied 
fortunes under the fifteen judges, their rapid 
progress in the reign of David, and the cul- 
mination of their power in the reign of SolO- 



28 Outlines of General History. 

mon, when, for a brief time, Jertisalem ranked 
with Thebes, Babylon, and Nineveh among 
the imperial cities of the East. Tyre has 
become the commercial metropolis of the 
Mediterranean. In Greece, the Dorian Mi- 
gration has colonized the peninsula with a 
new race from the Aryan stock, and colonies 
have occupied the shores of Asia Minor. The 
legendai-y Trojan War has taken place, and 
Ulysses and ^neas have sailed among the 
isles of the Mediterranean. 



Events of the Egyptian Epoch, 2000 to 
1000 B.C. 
Rise of Thebes (Egypt) and the Middle King- 
dom B.C. 2o8o 

Pelasgic occupation of Greece, about 2000 

Call of Abraham 1921 

Hyksos' conquest of Egypt, about igoo 

Settlement of Jacob in Egypt 1706 

Founding of Athens, about 1550 

Reign of Rameses II 1500 

Founding of Nineveh 1500 

E.xodus of the Israelites from Egypt 1491 

Assyrian conquest of Babylon 1250 

Trojan War began about 1 194 

Dorian conquest of Greece iioo 

Saul, first King of Israel 1095 



^ TUDEN TS" REVIEW O U TL INE. 
Second Period. 
Gt. Pyr.— Eg. Ep. 2000 to 1000 B. C. 
First Outlook, (2000.) Egypt. — Mem, Mon. (Men.> 
Mid. kin., (Ses. Am.) Hyk. Bab. Ab. Gre. Pel. 

Sec. Out., (1500,)— .fiVy, Ram. Jos. Is. Nin, 
Eur. Th. Cor. Ath. 

Thi. Out., (2000.) — Assyr. Emp. Israel., Ex. 
Jud. Sol. Gre. Dor. Mig. Tro, War. 



Outlines of General History. 29 

QUESTIONS FOR EX AM IN A TION. 

Describe the monumental building of the second 
period. 

Give the results of an outlook from it 2000 B.C. 
State the appearance of the world 1500 B.C. 
IQ'ame the nations and events about 1000 B.C. 




3. The Outlook from Solomon's Temple. 

Upon Mount Moriah at Jerusalem stood 
the Temple of Jehovah, built in the brief 
period of Israelite prosperity, the most costly 
building on the earth, and the fitting emblem 
of a civilization based upon the worship of the 
one true God. Let us trace the history of 
the world during the 400 years while it was 
standing. Under its shadow we behold, 
I. The division of the king-dom, and the 
speedy fall of Israelite power, as the conquests 
of David drop away, and the tribes sink back 
to their earlier boundaries. 2. The age of 
Jehoshaphat, about 900 B.C., when both 



30 Outlines of General History. 

Israel and Judah, at peace and in alliance, 
regain somewhat of their former prosperity. 

3. The growing power of Assyria, which, 
rises to its height under the brilliant dynasty 
of Sargon and his successors, (of whom 
Sennacherib and Asshur-bani-pal are the 
most powerful,) bearing the Assyrian arms to 
the Nile, canying into captivity the Tea 
Tribes, and bringing Judah under ti-ibute. 

4. The rise of Babylon, which under Na- 
bopolassar revolts from Assyria, captures- 
and destroys Nineveh, and ends the Assyrian 
Empire. 5. The establishment of the great 
Chaldean Empire under Nebuchadnezzar, 
the dethronement of Zedekiah, and the ex- 
tinction of the Jewish state. From the pin- 
nacles of the temple, soon to be destroyed by 
the fierce Chaldean soldiers, we look abroad 
northward, see the Lydian kingdom of Asia 
Minor, and CrcESUS, its wealthy monarch ;. 

eastward, beyond the Eu- »J- ►{« 

phrates, rising the Medes j ^^.^^a' j 

and Persians, destined soon 4* 4* 

to take up the sword of conquest and the 
scepter of empire ; southward, Egypt ruled 
1^ i^ by foreign kings, until Psam- 

l^B?a' I metichus restores its inde- 



I 



•J* pendence in the closing years 
of Assyrian empire. On the African shore 
Carthage is founded by Queen Dido>. 



Outlines of General History. yn. 

(8So B. C.,) and more than a century later 
Romulus plants the beginnings of Rome, 

her destined rival and con- 4. .J* 

queror. In Greece, Lycur- | ^^^^b^c^' | 

gus establishes order in Spar- 4* 4* 

ta, while in most of the little Grecian States 
kings are dethroned, and an era of popular- 
government is inaugurated. 

•i- ' 

Events of the Hebrew Epoch, 1000 to 600 
B.C. 

Building of Solomon's Temple B.C. 1000 

Division of the Israelite kingdom 975 

Jehoshaphat, King of Judah 915-898 

Carthage founded by Dido 880 

Legislation of Lycurgus in Sparta 850 

Rome founded by Romulus 753 

Hezekiah, King of Judah ._ 726-697 

The Ten Tribes carried into captivity 721 

Sennacherib, King of Assyria 705-680 

Psammeticus restores independence of Egypt 685 

Fail of Assyrian Empire 625 

Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylon 604 

Destruction of Solomon's Temple 587 



STUDENTS' REVIEW OUTLINE. 

Third Period. 

Sol. Temp.— 1. Div. Kin. 3. Ag. Jeh. 3. Gro. 

Assyr. (Sen. Assh.) 4. Ris. Bab. (Nap.) 5. Chal. 

Emp. (Neb.) Lyd. (Croe.) Per. Eg. (Psa.) Afric^ 

(Car.) Ro. Rom. Lye. 

QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINA TION. 
What are the limits of the third period ? 
What great events took place during the third pe- 
riod ? 

What nations arose to prominence ? 

What notable persons lived during this epoch ? 



32 Outlines of General History, 




4. The Outlook from the Hanging Gardens 
of Babylon. 

Once more we are within the walls of Bab- 
ylon, the most ancient, and, at this period, 
the most magnificent city on the earth. 
"VVe walk under the shadow of its mighty 
palaces, climb its lofty towers, gaze upon 
its vast temples, and ascend the terraced 
"heights of its Hanging Gardens, where 
flowers bloom and fountains play and trees 
wave, as if on the sides or summits of mount- 
ains. From our high stand-point we sweep 
our glance across a continent and down a 
century. I. We see the Chaldean Empire in 
all its short-lived splendor during the reign 
of Nebuchadnezzar, the conqueror of all 
lands, the builder of vast works. 2. We see 
the speedy downfall of the Babylonian power 
under his successors, until in thirty years all 
*' the glory of the Chaldees' kingdom " has 
passed away. 3. We see Cyrus besieging 



Otdlines of Gene?' a I History. 33 

the city, in a night of revehy and of terror, 

.Belshazzar slain, and the scepter over the 

£ast passing into Persian hands. 4. We 

see the captive Jews, who for seventy years 

liave sat weeping by the rivers of Babylon, 

now returning, under Zerubbabel, to their 

own land, to rebuild their temple and restore 

their State. 5. We see the Persian empire, 

after the conquests of Cyrus and Cambyses, 

consolidated, organized, and brought to the 

summit of its grandeur by Darius the Great. 

6. Across the seas we see Solon framing laws 

for Athens, Pisistratus grasping despotic 

power, but wielding it with mildness and jus- 

^ 1^ tice; but his tyrannical 

I PYTHAGORAS. | ^^^^^ ^^.^^^^ ^^^ ^^i^ 
I 530 Jj.U. I 

^ »f« the execrations of the 

people, and the popular government re-estab- 
lished. 7. Still beyond, in Italy, we see 

Rome growing to power JU 1^ 

^ CONFUCIUS. I 



:r 



under its kings, but, , ^^^_^^e B.C. 

■weaiy with the burden *i" "J* 

of royalty, expelling the Tarquins, and 
Brutus as the first consul of the republic. 
8. Perhaps if we could look across the Atlan- 
tic to the undiscovered continent beyond we 
might see the mysterious Mound-builders at 
•work in our own Mississippi Valley, and their 
kinsmen rearing the pyramids of Mexico and 
the temples of Yucatan. 
3 



34 Outlines of Getter a I History. 



Events of the Chaldeo-Persian Epoch, 600 
to 500 B.C. 

Reign of Nebuchadnezzar B.C. 604-561 

Pisistratus, the ruler of Athens 560-527 

Capture of Babj'lon by Cyrus 536 

The Jews return from captivity 536 

Egypt conquered by Cambyses 525 

Darius, king of Persian Empire 522-486 

Democracy re-established at Athens 510 

The Republic established at Rome 509 



STUDENTS' REVIEW OUTLINE. 

Fourth Period. 

Hang. Gard.— 1. Chal. Emp. (Neb.) 2. Downfall. 

3. Per. (Cy.) 4. Jews. Rest. 5. Per. Emp. (Cy. Cam. 

Dar.) 6. Ore. (Sol. Pisis.) 7. It. (Tar. Bru.) 8. Amer.- 

(Mo. Buil.) 

QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINA TION. 

Describe the monumental edifice of the fourth period. 

Name the leading events of the period, in Asia, Eu- 
rope, America. 

State some of the most prominent persons of the- 
period, and a fact in relation to each one. 




5. The Outlook from the Parthenon. 

The arena of history is now transferred from 
Asia to Europe, and Athens, " the city of th& 



Outlines of General History, 35 

violet crown," now appears as the center of 
interest. Above the roofs of the most beau- 
tiful city of earth looms the Acropolis, at 
once a fortress and a sanctuary, and on its 
summit rises the Parthenon, in which archi- 
tecture and sculpture both attain their high- 
est level for all time. Its exalted site gives 
us a view of the world during the Greek 
Epoch, an age of culture, genius, and prog- 
ress, of which the building itself stands as 
the most fitting type. Standing among its 
snow-white columns let us glance at human 
history for two hundred years. Four pictures 
in turn pass before our eyes. The first is the 
panorama of the Persian wars for the sub- 
jugation of Greece, a gigantic wave thrice 
dashing upon the rocky shore, and thrice 

^« »{< beaten back in disastrous 

I ^^^S^^I""^- I defeat. The second is 
4" 4" the dissolving views of 



Grecian supremacy, grasped in turn by 
Athens in the brilliant period of Pericles, 
then by Sparta, by Thebes, and finally held 
by Macedon. The third is the picture of 
Alexander's conquest, the return wave 
from Europe sweeping through Asia, from 
the Nile to the Indus, and pausing only when 
there were no more lands to conquer. The 
fourth is the picture of the great strife of 
Alexander's successors, the rending of 



36 Outlines of General History. 

his empire ere its history had fairly begun, 
and the establishment of the rival Greek 
kingdoms of Egypt, Syria, and Asia 
Minor. At the same time we see across the 
Adriatic, in Rome, the Plebeians wresting 
their rights by slow degrees from Patricians, 
and thus welding together the strong nation 
that soon shall commence in its turn the con- 
quest of the world. We see rolling over the 
Alps, and down upon the Italian plains, the 
first signs of barbarian invasion in the Gallic 
attack upon Rome, which, though driven 
back by Camillus, shall return ten centuries 
later to overthrow the empire. The leading 
events of this period are, i. The first at- 
tempted invasion of Greece by the Persians 
broken up by storms at sea. 2. The sec- 
ond invasion defeated at Marathon. 3. The 
third invasion, undertaken by Xerxes with 
an army of four millions, with the defeats at 
Thermopylae, Salamis, and Plataea. 
4. The era of Pericles, and supremacy of 
Athens, and golden age of sculpture. 5. The 
Peloponnesian war, ending with the defeat 
at ^gos-potami, and the fall of Athenian 

power. 6. The Spartan J^ J^ 

supremacy, ending with | ^^igfa'^gS^^' I 
the battle of Leuctra, »I* 4* 



when, 7. Thebes holds the leadership of 
Greece for ten years, until the battle of 



Outlines of General History. yf 

Mantinea. 8. The supremacy of Mace- 
don, dating from the battle of Chaeronea, 
g. The reign of Alexander the Great, 
with his conquest of the Persian Empii-e at the 
battle of Arbela. lo. The death of Alex- 
ander at Babylon, and the war of his gen- 
erals, ending in the partition of his empire, 
after the battle of Ipsus. B.C. 301. 



•fr 



Events of the Greek Period, 500 to 300 B.C. 

First invasion of Greece by Persians. . .B.C. 492 

Second Invasion — Battle of Marathon 490 

Third invasion — Battles of Thermopylse and 

Salamis 480 

Battles of Platsea and Mycale 479 

The age of Pericles 460 to 430 

Ezra and Nehemiah at Jerusalem 458-425 

Cincinnatus dictator at Rome 456 

Peloponnesian War began 431 

Battle of /Egos-potami (Spartan supremacy) 405 

Death of Socrates 401 

Rome burned by the Gauls 390 

Battle of Leuctra (Theban supremacy) 371 

Battle of Mantinea 361 

Battle of Chaeronea (Macedonian suprem- 
acy) 338 

Reign of Alexander the Great 336-323 

Battle of Arbela and of Persian Empire 331 

Battle of Ipsus and division of Alexander's 
Empire 301 



STUDENTS' REVIEW OUTLINE. 

Par. (Four Pictures). — !. Fir. Inv. 2. Mar. 
3. Xer. Ther. Sal. Plat. 4. Ath. Sup. (Per.) 5. Pel. 
War. 6. Sp. Sup. (Leuc.) 7. Th. Sup. (Man.) 
8. Mac. Sup. (Cha.) 9. Alex. (Arb.) 10. Alex. Gen. 
dps.) 



38 Outlines of General History. 

QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINA TION. 

What are the four great historic pictures of the 
fifth period ? 

Give account of three Persian wars, and their great 
battles. 

Name the successive supremacies over Greece, and 
the battles by which they were marked. 

Give account of the conquests of Alexander, and the 
results following them. 




6. The Outlook from the Koman Forum. 

We cross the Adriatic Sea and find the his- 
tory of the world for six hundred years con- 
centrated in the story of the Romans, those 
men of iron, who first conquered and then 
governed the world. We stand in the center 
of Roman power — the Forum — from whose 
Golden Milestone the distances of earth are 
measured. Around us are statues of heroes, 
and above us are the temples of the gods ; 
the capital where the senate enacts laws for 
peoples of a hundred languages, and the pal- 
ace of an emperor whose scepter sways from 



Outlines of General History. 39 

the Atlantic to the Caspian, and from north- 
ern ice-fields to the Sahara. From our point 
of view we look upon the currents of history 
during the six centuries between Alexander 
and Constantine. We markyfrj-/, an era of 
class-strife, in which the people contend 
with the nobles for a share in the government, 
and win their rights, until the old distinc- 
tion of patrician and plebeian cease to have 
meaning ; secondly^ an era of conquest, 
in Italy, over the rival power of Carthage, 
and over all the Mediterranean lands, until 
at last the entire empire of Alexander di-ops 
into the hand of Rome ; thirdly, an era of 

civil war, beginning with 4* ^ 

the vain endeavors of the | 106^4^ ^X: I 

Gracchi to reform the •!• ■ ^ 

State, followed by the contests of Marius 
and Sulla, and of Pompey and Caesar, end- 
ing with the victory of Octavius over An- 
tony, and the establishment of the empire ; 
fourthly, an era of imperial power, the 

•J< >^ Augustan age, with peace 

and prosperity over the 
world, the happy hour of 
the Saviour's birth, and afterward the age 
of Trajan and the Antonines ; fifthly, an 
era of decline, with wild tribes swarming 
in the north from the great Asian hive, soon 
to pour upon the dying empire, and on the 



VIRGIL 
I 70-19 B.C 
4. 



40 Outlines of General History. 

east the new Parthian kingdom looms up 
threateningly, the " sixth Oriental monarchy "" 
— the age when Severus, Aurelian, and 
Diocletian bravely, but vainly ,^ endeavor to- 
turn the tide of Rome's downfall. 

^ 4v 

I Events of the Roman Epoch, B.C. 300 to 
A.D. 300. 

Licinian laws passed giving political rights to 

plebeians B.C. 367 

Romans masters of all Italy 266 

First Punic war (with Carthage) 264-241 

Second Punic war (Hannibal, Scipio). . .218-202 

Syria made a Roman Province 188 

Destruction of Carthage 146 

Tiberius and Caius Gracchus 133-121 

Greece made a Roman province 146 

Massacres by Marius and Sulla 86-83 

Triumvirate of Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus.6o 

Murder of Julius Caesar 44 

Battle of Actium, (Octavius and Antony). .. .31 

Establishment of the empire 27 

Birth of Jesus Christ B.C. 6 

Paul beheaded at Rome A.D. 66 

Jerusalem destroyed by Titus 70 

Reign of Trajan 98-117 

Diocletian resigns the throne 305 

4, 

STUDENTS' REVIEW OUTLINE. 

Sixth Period. 

Rom. For. (Six eras.) t. CI. Str. (Pat. Pie.) 

2. Conq. .S. Civ. War. (Or. Mar. Sul. Pom. Cae. 

Oct. Ant.) 4. Imp. Pow. (Aug. Jes. Tra, Ant.) 

5. Dec. Par. (Sev. Aur. Di.) 

QUESTIONS FOR EXAM IN A TION. 
Describe the monumental place of the si.vth period. 
State and describe the six divisions of Roman his- 
tory. 



Outlines of Ge?teral History. 41 

Name some of the great events of the Roman Epoch- 
Name soac of the greatest persons in the history of" 
Kome. 




r. The Outlook from the Church of St. Sophia. 

A new religion has conquered the Roman 
world ; the cross takes the place of the eagle 
as the ensign of the legions ; and as a new- 
capital of the Christian empire Constantinople 
rises upon the shore of the Bosphorus. Its 
noblest monument is the Church of St.. 
Sophia, whose foundations were laid by Con- 
stantine, the first Christian emperor, whose 
dome was lifted in the age of Justinian, and " 
around whose walls sentences of the Gospel 
I may stiil be read, although for centuries it 
I has echoed to the chant of the muezzin as a 
'. Mohammedan mosque. From its gilded dome 
' we look east and west for three hundred years, 
I during the Byzantine Epoch. 0\xx Jirst view 
i is of Christianity I'ising to triumph over the 
I Roman world, and formally recognized by Con- 
. stantine, the cross adopted as the symbol of 



42 Outlines of General History. 

the empire, and the first great council of the 

Church opened by the emperor in person at 
Nice. Our second vitw is of the European Ro- 
man world overrun by countless hordes of foes, 
pressed on by other hordes following them ; 
Alaric storming and sacking the ancient 
-capital ; Attila, " the scourge of God," deso- 
lating the continent with fire and sword, until 
-at last the mockery of an empire is ended. 
Romulus Augustulus yields his crown, and 
Odoacer becomes king of Italy. Our third 
-view is of Europe in chaos, the old institu- 
tions gone, the new not yet instituted, barba- 
rian kingdoms every-where ; the Ostrogoths 
in Italy, the Visigoths in Spain, the Van- 

j^ dais in Africa, the 

AUGUSTINE, j Franks in Germany and 
^ 4* Gaul, and the Anglo- 
Saxons devastating Britain. There are rays 
of light amid the darkness, as we see Chris- 
tianity vanquishing the 4« a- 

Victors. ClOvis of I CHRYSOSTOM 

I 344-407 A.JJ. 

France and his follow- *i' 



T 



ers embrace the Gospel, the first promise of a 
harvest among the new nations of the north. 
Turning from the west to the east, our fourth 
^iew is of the reign of Justinian, the golden 
age of the Byzantine period, an age of light 
amid centuries of deepening darkness, a pe- 
riod when the Eastern empire is mistress of 



Outlines of General History. 43 

the lands held in order by the arms of Bel- 
isarius and ruled by the code of Tribo- 
nion. 



Events of the Byzantine Epoch, 300 to 
600 A.D. 

Accession of Constantine A.D. 306 

Christianity recognized 3ig 

Council of Nice 325 

Division of Roman Empire, east and west... 364 

Theodosius the Great sole emperor 392 

Rome sacked by Alaric 410 

Conquests of Attila 433 

Landing of the Saxons in Britain 451 

Western Roman Empire ended by Odoacer..476 
Clovis, King of the Franks, accepts Chris- 
tianity 4g6 

Reign of Justinian 527-565 

Christianity introduced into England 598 



STUDENTS' REVIEW OUTLINE. 



-^ 



St. Soph.-l. Tri. Chr. (Con.) 2. Bar. Inv. (Al. 
Att. Od.) 3. Bar. Kins. (Ost. Vis. Van. Fr. Ang.- 
Sax.) 4. Rei. Just. (Bel. Trib.) 

QUESTIONS FOR EX AM IN A TION. 

Describe the monumental building of the seventh 
period. 

Give four views of the world during the Byzantine 
Epoch. 

Name the barbarian tribes that overthrew the Ro- 
man Empire. 

Name some of the notable persons of the seventh, 
period. 



44 Outlmes of Gejieral History, 




8. The Outlook from the Holy Stone at Mecca* 

For two centuries the westward currents of 
empire ebb, and the East again becomes the 
force in the world. Out of Arabia, where 
wastes of sand surround oases of palm, springs 
a new and mighty power, changing the face 
of ancient empires, conquering Asia and 
Africa, and threatening to overwhelm Eu- 
rope. Its center is in Mecca, at the Holy 
Stone, the Kaaba, once worshiped as an 
idol, but for twelve centuries past the object 
toward which the Mussulman world turns in 
prayer and journeys in pilgrimage. Standing 
by that black stone, let us survey the world 
from the seventh to the ninth century after 
Christ. I. The scene opens with the ap- 
pearance of the prophet-chief in the heart of 
Arabia, proclaiming, " There is but one God, 
and Mohammed is his prophet." At first 
rejected at Mecca, he flees to Medina, be- 



Outlines of Central History. 45 

gins his mission as a preacher and warrior, 
and soon has fused all the Arabian tribes to- 
gether with the enthusiasm of a new i^eligion 
and the passion for conquest. 2. The suc- 
cessors of Mohammed, calling themselves 
Caliphs, [i. e., "successors,") lead their swell- 
ing hosts from province to province. The 
East is smitten dumb with terror, and passive- 
ly submits to the furious onset, which surges 
even to the walls of Constantinople, in a 
seven years' siege, fortunately, for the time, 
repelled. Through the defiles of the Hindu 
Koosh on the east, along the shores of Africa 
on the west the wave of conquest rolls, until 
" a single Caliph is obeyed in Spain and in 
India," and from the Pyrenees to the Caspian. 

3. Europe is in peril, for the descendants of 
Clovis are but shadow-kings, and the tribes 
that have conquered Rome are wasting their 
strength in war with each other, while the 
Saracens are pouring upon the continent 
through the Pyrenees and along the Danube. 

4. Charles Martel, " mayor of the palace" 
and ruler of both king and people, with his 
Frankish army, meets the Mohammedan host 
on the field of Tours, in southern France, 
^ J^ and in a single victory 

I 672?7^f a:d. I s^^es Europe from the do- 
4" 4* minion of the false prophet. 

5. From the swiftness of its rise, without time 



46 Outlines of General History. 

for assimilation of the subject races, and from 
the vastness of its extent, the Saracen empire 
falls asunder and is broken into three frag- 
ments, with capitals at Cordova, at Cairo, 
and at Bagdad. 6. An era of civilization 
succeeds that of conquest, and the court of 
Haroun al Raschid at Bagdad and the 
Alhambra in Spain become centers of cult- 
ure and literature to the world. 7. At the 
same time in Europe the feeble descendants 
of Clovis are set aside. Pepin, the son of 
Charles Martel and father of the more famous 
Charlemagne, becomes King of the Franks ; 
and gives to Pope Stephen temporal rule 
over the province around Rome, an event 
small in itself, yet destined to bring forth great 
results of papal power. 



Events of the Saracen Epoch, 600 to 800 A.D. 

Birth of Mohammed at Mecca A.D. 570 

Mohammed's flight from Mecca to Medina, 

(" the Hegira ) 622 

Mohammed begins his conquests 629 

Jerusalem taken by Caliph Omar 634 

Constantinople besieged 668-675 

Spain conquered by the Saracens 711 

Battle of Tours won by Charles Martel 732 

Pepin, King of the Franks 752 

Pope Stephen gains temporal power 755 

Haroun al Raschid, Caliph at Bagdad 785 



STUDENTS' REVIEW OUTLINE. 

Eighth Period. 

Hoi. Sto. 1. Moh. 2. Cal. 3. Eur. 4. Ch. Mar. 

(Tours.) 5. Div. Sar. Emp. (Cor. Cai. Bag.) 6. Era. 

Sar. Civ. (Har.) 7. Pep. Pope Ste. 



Outlines of General History. 47 

QUESTIONS FOR EX AM IN A TION. 

Name and describe the monument of the Saracen 
Epoch. 

Give account of Mohammed and his successors. 

State the extent of Saracen conquests. 

How were those conquests checked in Europe ?' 

What events afterward occurred in Europe, s.ndi 
Asia? 




9. The Outlook from the High Altar of St. 
Peter's. 

We are once again at Rome, not upon the 
Forum, but under the dome of the Cathedral- 
The city which ruled the world for a thousand 
years by the sword has now begun to rule 
the world by the crosier. In the old Church 
of St. Peter, where later in the same epoch a. 
new and grander St. Peter's church shall rise^ 
we stand by the High Altar, and view the- 
world during seven centuries of the Papal- 
Roman epoch, from 800 to 1 500 A.D. 

I. 0\xx first view is of the scene on Christ- 



.4'S Outlines of General History. 

mas-day, A.D. 800, when Charlemagne, 
conqueror of all Central Europe and master 
of Italy, kneeling at this very altar, receives 
the crown of the Roman Empire, and is 
hailed successor of the Coesars and Emperor 
of the West. The master-mind of the Mid- 
dle Ages, he brings order to Europe, estab- 
lishes education, and lays the foundations of 
great States. His dominions soon fall asun- 
der, forming the three kingdoms of Germany, 
France, and Italy, but his influence sur- 
vives. 2. Next, we look across the Chan- 
nel to the isle of Britain, which has been for 
centuries the scene of conflict fierce between 
races. We see the petty sovereignties of the 
Saxon Heptarchy united into one kingdom 
•under Egbert, and half a century later the 
noble reign of Alfred, followed soon by the 
contests of Saxons and Danes, until Will- 
iam the Conqueror lands with his Normans 

and wins the battle of 1^ 1^ 

Hastings and the EngMsh | f^^^t^^^ \ 

throne. 3. We see the "i- ■ 4" 

empire of Charlemagne more than once dis- 
severed and again reunited during the Middle 
Ages. It is consolidated by the strong hand 
of Otho the Great, and reaches its highest 
glory under Frederick Barbarossa. But 
from internal feuds, the jealousy of its princes, 
:and the opposition of the Popes, it becomes. 



Outlhies of General History. 49 

at length, an empty name, though perpetu- 
ated in form even down to our own century. 

4. We note the rapid progress of papal 
assumption, until Pope Gregory VII. 
(Hildebrand) compels an emperor to stand 
at his door a suppliant, and Pope Inno- 
cent III. takes away and bestows thrones. 

5. In the very height of the epoch we see 
Europe stirred by the eloquence of Peter 
the Hermit, and going forth in the Cru- 
sades to win the Holy Sepulcher from 
the Moslems. We see Jerusalem won and a 
feudal kingdom of Palestine established, en- 
during for ninety years, and then overcome by 
Saladin of Egypt. 6. Turning once more 
to England, we see the barons at Runnymede 
forcing the Great Charter from the reluc- 
tant pen of King John, and thus planting the 
sturdy tree of English liberty. 7. We see 
the decayed empire of the Saracens in the 
far East supplanted by the vigorous and fierce 
"blood of the Turks, who push their conquests 
into Europe, and at last grasp Constantino- 
1^ ifi pie, and end the long an- 

I CHAUCER, j j^^ig Qf ti^g Eastern Ro- 

I 1328-1400. I 

4= 4* man Empire. 8. We see 

at the close of the epoch the States of Europe 
settling into their present form, and afar 
iipon the western sea Columbus sighting the 
shore of a New World. 
4 



50 Outlines of General History. 



Events of the Papal Roman Epoch, A.D. 800 
to 1500. 

Charlemagne crowned Emperor of the 

West A.D. 8oo 

Saxon Heptarchy united by Egbert, first 

King of England 827 

Alfred, King of England 872-901 

William the Conqueror wins battle of Hast- 
ings 1066 

Gregory VII., (Hildebrand,) Pope. . . .1073-1085 

The first Crusade preached 1096 

Jerusalem taken by the Crusaders 1099 

Frederick Barbarossa, Emperor of Germa- 
ny 1152-1190 

l\Iagna Charta signed at Runnymede 1215 

Foundation of the Turkish Empire 1299 

Robert Bruce wins battle of Bannockburn. . 1314 

Constantinople taken by the Turks 1453 

Discovery of America by Columbus 1492 



STUDENTS' REVIEW OUTLINE. 

Ninth Period. 

High Altar. 1. Charl. 2. Eng. Eg. Al. Wm„ 

3. Ger. Emp. (0th. Barb.) 4. Pap. Assump. (Greg.. 

VII.) 5. Crus. (Pet-Herm. Sal.) «. Eng. ^Char.> 

7. Turks. Cons. S. Am. (Col.) 

QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINA TION. 

Name the representative building of the Papal Ro- 
man epoch. 

What event took place at the beginning of this epoch? 

Give an account of the German Empire in Middle 
Ages ? 

What great names are associated with its history ? 

What events in English history belong to this epoch ? 

What was the state of Papal power ? 

What were the Crusades, and how were they begun ? 

What great discovery was made at the close of this 
epoch ? 



Outlines of General History, 51 




r^ — ■ ■■■ -H B 

10. The Outlook from the Church-door of Wit- 
temberg. 
We approach the great era of the Reforma- 
tion, a century and a half full of events. It 
opens with three able kings reigning over the 
States of Europe, the Emperor Charles V. 
of Germany, his antagonist on the continent, 
Francis I. of France, and Henry VIII. of 
England. But before them all an uncrowned 
king comes to the front, and the picture of 
the epoch is Martin Luther at the Church- 
door OF WiTTEMBERG, on which are nailed 
the theses of the Reformation. The events 
of a century and a half may be grouped 
around three periods, each of about fifty years : 
I. The first is the age of Luther, in which 
the reformer takes his stand, and maintains 
it before the world, at the Diet of Worms. 
The Protestant nobles form for protection the 
League of Smaicaid, and the empire is 



52 Outlines of General History. 

desolated with civil war, until the Peace of 
Passau gives rights of free worship to the 
reformers. England has joined the cause, 
through the quarrel of Henry VIII. with the 
Pope over his marriage with Anne Boleyn. 
When Charles V., worn out by the divisions 
of his realm, abdicates the throne of Ger- 
many and Spain, all of Northern Europe has 
been forever lost to the Roman Catholic 
Church. 2. The second period is the oge of 
Elizabeth, a brilliant era in the history of En* 
gland, when Protestantism becomes fixed as 
the religion of the people, when the Spanish 
Armada is destroyed, while peace and pros- 
it ^ perity at home bring 

I '"tsl'-'f.^''^- I power abroad;, he age 

4« 4- of Shakspeare and 

Raleigh. In other lands the Inquisition 
stamps out reform in Spain, and the mas- 
sacre of St. Bartholomew checks its power 
in France. 3. The third period is the age of 
Cromwell, which brings before us the long 
struggle of James I. and Charles I. with 
the Parliament, culminating in the civil 
war, the execution of Charles I., and the 

Protectorate of Oliver Crom- 1^ J^ 

well. During this period arose | ^^^^f^; \ 
the Thirty Years' War, •^ 



608-1674. I 



which desolated Germany for a generation, 
but was at last ended by the Treaty of West- 



Outlines of General History. 53 

phalia. While these stirring events are trans- 
piring in the Old World the New has been 
opened and settled. During this epoch the 
conquests of Spain were made in Mexico and 
Peru, and the colonies of Eng-land were 
settled in North America, promise of the na- 
tion soon to appear. 
^ ^ 



Events of the Western-European Epoch, 
1500 to 1660 A.D. 

Luther's theses nailed on the church 

door , A.D. 1517 

Luther before the Diet of Worms 1521 

League of Smalcald (Protestant princes).. .1531 
Marriageof Henry Vin. with Anne Boleyn. 1531 

Council of Trent began 1545 

Peace of Passau 1552 

Abdication of Charles V 1556 

Elizabeth, Queen of England 1558-1603 

Beginning of Thirty Years' War 1618 

Civil War begun in England 1642 

Peace of Westphalia (end of Thirty Years' 

War) 1648 

Charles I. beheaded 1649 

Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector 1653-1658 



^ ^ 

STUDENTS' OUTLINE REVIEW. 
Tenth Period. 
Ch.-door Witt. 1. Age Luth. Ref, Die-Wor. 
Lea-Sma. Hen. VIIL Ch. V. 3. Age Eliz. Pros. 
Shak. (Inq.) (Mass. St. Bar.) 3. Age Crom. Jas. I. 
Ch. L Civ. War. Protec. (Thirty Yrs. War.) (Conq. 
Col. Amer.) 

QUESTIONS FOR EX AM IN A TION. 
What plan and what event marks the tenth period? 
Name three great persons who divide the period by 
their lives. 



54 Outlines of General History, 

What great events are associated with Luther? 
What marked the age of Queen EKzabeth ? 
What are connected with the life of Cromwell ? 
What took place in America during this period ? 




11. The Outlook from "Westminster Abbey. 
During the century which we are now to 
view the interest centers upon Great Britain, 
the isle which has been the bulwark of liberty 
and the leader in the march of progress for 
five hundred years. We take our stand by 
the tower of Westminster Abbey, the 
crown of Gothic architecture, whose arches 
cover the dust of kings, statesmen, and poets ; 
and we glance over the continents. I. Our 
first view is at England, where varied pictures 
are presented : Charles the Second and his 
infamous court ; the tyrannous attempts of 
James the Second leading to the glorious 
Revolution of 1688, which proclaimed that 
the people, and not the king, are forever the 
rulers of England ; the age of Queen Anne, 
with its triumphs in war abroad and in liter- 
ature at home ; and the Georges, under 
whose dull reigns the people advanced in 



Outlines of General History. 55 

intelligence, if they declined in righteous- 
ness ; the great revival of Wesley and 
"Whitefield changing the character of a peo- 
ple. 2. Next we look across the Channel to 
France, and see the long reigns of Louis 
XIV. and Louis XV., resplendent out- 
wardly, yet underneath crushing the prosper- 
ity of the State and preparing the way for a 
"bloody retribution in the next age. 3. In 
■Germany we mark the advancing power of 
the new kingdom of Prussia, and the con- 
quests of the brilliant general and wise ruler, 
but unprincipled man, Frederick the Great, 
4. By the sea we look upon the Nether- 
lands wresting their land from the ocean and 
their liberties from tyrants, and becoming the 
great commercial power of Europe. 5. We 
see in the North the strange career of 
Charles XII. of Sweden, " the crowned mad- 
man," and the vast empire of Russia led 
by Peter the Great into the family of Eu- 
rope. 6. Beyond the Atlantic we see a 
scattered line of colonies on the ocean-fringe 
of the wilderness, separate, yet united, learn- 
ing by struggle with adverse Nature and the 
savage red men how to wrestle with their op- 
pressors in the next age. 



56 Outlines of General History. 



Events of the English Epoch, 1660 to 1770 
A.D. 

Restoration of the Stuarts, (Charles II.)... .1660 

King Philip's War in New England 1675 

Revolution and e.xpulsion of James II 1688 

Victory of Blenheim won by Marlborough. . 1704 

The reign of Queen Anne 1702-1714 

Peter the Great's reign in Russia 1689-1725 

Frederick the Great, King of Prussia. .1740-1786 
Braddock's defeat in America 1755 



-+ 



STUDENTS' REVIEW OUTLINE. 



West. Abb. 1. Eng. Ch. II. Rev, 1688. Qu. An. 
Geor. 2. Fr. Louis XIV. XV. 3. Germ. Fred.- 
Gt. 4. Neth. 5. Ch. XII. Pet.-Gt. 6. Am. Col. 

QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINA TION. 

Name the principal reigns and events in English, 
history during the eleventh period. 

Name the two kings of France and the chai-acter of 
their reigns. 

State the leading events in the Netherlands, ia 
Prussia, m Russia, and America, during this period. 




12. The Outlook from Independence Hall. 
The focal point of historic interest now is 
found on the western shore of the Atlantic, 



Outlines of General History. 57 

in the New World, within the building where 
the young republic of the West was born — 
Independence Hall, in Philadelphia. Tak- 
ing this spot as our stand-point we divide the 
history of the last hundred and ten years into 
four eras. F'irst, the era .of American Rev- 
olution, in which the colonists, urged by the 
oppressions of the mother country, measured 
sv\ords with the most powerful nation on the 
globe, and won their own liberty, while Eu- 
rope gazed in wonder. The names of Wash- 
ington, Jefferson, Franklin, and the battles 
of Bunker Hill, Saratoga, and the siege of 
Yorktown, recur to our mind as the most im- 
portant in that eventful time. Secondly^ fol- 
lowing this is the era of European revolu- 
tion. While America was fashioning her 
Constitution France was in the throes of a. 
revolution. The throne of the Bourbons went 
down in a deluge of blood, and, after a Reign 
of Terror, Napoleon seized the scepter and 
overturned all Europe, then fell in his turn 
at Waterloo, and passed into exile. Thirdly, 
came an era of European reaction, in 
which the nations were once more under the 
power of their masters, and the rights of the 
people seemed a dream of the past. Fourthly, 
an era of progress, dating from the year 
1830, in which the cause of freedom and pop- 
ular right was slowly rising, though much of 



58 Outlines of General History . 

the time unseen. The Reform Bill in En- 
gland, the revolutions in France, the ris- 
angs through Continental Europe, all tended 
to lift up the people, and the march has been 
onward. Fifthly, an era of civil strife in 
America, ended on .the battle-field when Lee 
:surrendered, and fully ended in the hearts of 
:the people when President Garfield was 
.slain. May the Union of States in America, 
and the brotherhood of nations throughout 
the world, endure forever ! 



Events of the American Epoch, 1770-1880. 

Battle of Bunker Hill 1775 

Declaration of Independence 1776 

Surrender of Burgoyne a*- Saratoga 1777 

Surrender of Cornwallisat Yorktown 1781 

French Revolution began (seizing of Bastile) 1789 

Reign of Terror in France 1793 

Napoleon I. Emperor 1804-1815 

Battle of Waterloo 1815 

Reform Bill passed in Parliament 1832 

War began with the South in U. S 1861 

Assassination of Abraham Lincoln 1865 



STUDENTS' OUTLINE REVIEW. 

(Indep. Hall.) 1. Era Am. Rev. Bun.-H. Sar. 
York. 3. Eur. Rev. France-Ter. Nap. 3. Eur. reac. 
-4. Prog. Ref. Fr. Rev. 5. Civ. Str. Lee. Gar. 

QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINATION. 

Name the general outlines of the American epoch. 
What was the first era of this period ? The sec- 
ond ? The third? The fourth ? The fifth ? 



Outlines of General History. 59 

FIFTH EXERCISE. 

Let us fix in mind the following groups of 
illustrious characters in the history of the 
world. We do not by any means select all 
the great men, but a few whose names are 
•connected with general history. 

1. To the Mesopotamian Epoch of 2,000 
years, associated with the Tower of Babel, 
belong the following ten characters : Adam, 
the founder of our race ; Enoch, the saint ; 
Methuselah, the aged ; Noah, the preacher 
of righteousness ; Shem, Ham, and Japhet, 
his sons, from whom came the Semitic, Ham- 
itic, and Aryan races ; Misraim, the first 
settler in Egypt ; Nimrod, the founder of 
Babylon ; and Asshur, the founder of Nin- 
•eveh in Assyria. 

2. To the Egyptian Epoch of 1,000 years, 
from 2000 to 1000 B. C, associated with the 
Pyramid, belong the great kings: Thoth- 
mes ni., "the Egyptian Alexander the 
Great ;" Rameses H., (the Sesostris of the 
Greek historians,) the mightiest of all the 
Pharaohs and the oppressor of the Israelites ; 
Abraham, the friend of God ; Jacob, the 
father of the Israelites ; Moses, the lawgiver ; 
Gideon, the greatest of their judges ; David, 
the greatest of their kings ; and the mythical 
characters, Cadmus, Priam, and .£neas. 



6o Outlines of General History. 

3. To the Hebrew Epoch of 400 years, fronx 
KX)0 to 600 B. C, associated with the Tem- 
ple, belong the kings of Judah and Israel, 
of whom the most important are Jeroboam^ 
Hezekiah, and Josiah ; the prophets Eli- 
jah, Isaiah, and Jeremiah ; the great As- 
syrian king and conqueror, Sennacherib ;. 
and, in the dawning European world, Ho- 
mer, the father of poetry, Lycurgus, the 
Spartan lawgiver, and Romulus, the founder 
of Rome. 

4. To the Chaldeo- Persian Epoch of lOO- 
years, from 600 to 500 B. C, associated 
with the Hanging Gardens, belong Zede- 
kiah, the last king of Judah ; Daniel, the 
prophet of the captivity ; Nebuchadnezzar, 
the conqueror and builder ; Cyrus, the 
founder of the Persian Empire ; Darius^ 
whose reign marks the culmination of Persian, 
power. And in other lands : Solon, the Athe- 
nian lawgiver ; Pythagoras, the founder of 
philosophy ; Confucius, the Chinese sage ; 
Tarquin, the last king of Rome ; and Bru- 
tus, the liberator of Rome. 

5. To the Greek Epoch of 200 years, from 
500 to 300 B.C., associated with the Parthe- 
non, belong many great names, from which it 
is difficult to choose the greatest : Miltiades, 
the victor at Marathon ; Pericles and The- 
mistocles, the Athenian statesmen ; Socra- 



Outlines of General History. 6l 

tes, Plato, and Aristotle, the masters of 
ancient philosophy; Demosthenes, the great- 
est of all orators ; Phidias, the greatest of all 
sculptors ; Alexander the Great, conqueror 
of the world ; and Herodotus, the father of 
history. 

6. To the Roman Epoch of 600 years, from 
300 B. C. to 300 A. D., associated with the 
Forum, belong the names of the Gracchi, 
who gave up their lives for the cause of reform 
and the rights of the people ; Sulla, who de- 
stroyed the Roman Republic ; Julius Caesar, 
"the foremost man of all the world;" Au- 
gustus Csesar, the first of the Roman em- 
perors ; and Trajan, the best of the emper- 
ors ; Jesus Christ, who founded a kingdom 
as wide as the world and more enduring than 
time ; Paul, the mighty apostle to the Gen- 
tiles ; Cicero, the orator ; Virgil, chief of 
Latin poets ; and Origen, greatest of the 
early Christian fathers. 

7. To the Byzantine Epoch, 300 years, from 
300 to 600 A. D., associated with St. Sophia, 
belong the names of Constantine, the first 
Christian emperor and founder of Constanti- 
nople ; Theodosius and Justinian, the great 
emperors ; Alaric, the Gothic invader of 
Rome ; Attila, " the scourge of God ; " Odo- 
acer, who extinguished the Western-Roman 
Empire ; Augustine, the greatest of the Latin 



62 Outlines of General History, 

fathers ; Chrysostom," the golden-mouthed " 
preacher and reformer ; King Arthur, the 
mythical hero of Britain ; and Clovis, the 
first Christian chieftain of the Franks. 

8. To the Saracen Epoch, 200 years, from 
600 to 800 A. D., associated with the Holy 
Stone, belong the names of Mohammed, his. 
three immediate successors, Omar, Othman, 
and Ali ; Haroun al-Raschid, the greatest 
of the Caliphs of Bagdad ; Clothair, King of 
France and Germany ; Charles Martel, who 
rolled back the wave of Mussulman conquest ; 
his son, Pepin le-bref, " the little," whose 
statesmanship paved the v/ay for the empire 
of his greater son, Charlemagne ; Bade, the 
Anglo-Saxon scholar and saint ; and Harold. 
Harfager, the founder of the Norse King- 
dom. 

g. To the Papal-Roma7i Epochy 700 years, 
from Soo to 1 500 A. D., associated with 
the High Altar, belong Charlemagne, the 
greatest character of mediaeval history; Fred- 
erick Barbarossa, under whom the German- 
Roman Empire arose to its height ; Egbert, 
the first king of England ; Alfred, the best, 
of all the kings of England ; William the 
Conqueror ; Gregory the Seventh, the 
most powerful of the Popes ; Peter the Her- 
mit, whose eloquence stirred up the First 
Crusade ; Genghis Khan, the Asiatic con- 



Outlines of General History, 65 

queror, whose empire extended from China, 
to Morocco ; Columbus, who gave to the Old 
World a New; and Michael Angelo, the 
crown of art. 

10. To the Western-European Epoch, or 
the Era of the Reformation, 160 years, from 
1500 to 1660 A. D., associated with the 
Church -DOOR, belong Luther, "whose 
words shook the world ; " Queen Elizabeth, 
sovereign during a brilliant age ; Charles the 
Fifth, Emperor of Germany at the Reforma- 
tion ; William the Silent, Prince of Orange 
and liberator of the Low Countries ; Cardinal 
Richelieu, the master of state-craft ; Louis 
the Fourteenth, "le Grand Monarque" of 
France ; Oliver Cromwell, the great Pro- 
tector during the Commonwealth ; Solyman 
the Magnificent, the Sultan of Constanti- 
nople ; John Knox, the bold reformer; and 
Shakspeare, " not for an age, but for all 
time." 

11. To the English Epoch, 120 years, from 
1650 to 1770 A. D., associated with the Abbey, 
belong William the Third, whose accession 
marks the Revolution of 1688 ; Queen Anne, 
whose reign marks an era of culture ; Marl- 
borough, the conqueror at Blenheim ; Fred- 
erick the Great, who lifted Prussia into the 
front rank of nations ; Peter the Great, wha 
created the Russian Empire ; Maria The— 



64 Outlines of G^steral History. 

resa, the powerful Queen of Austria ; Wai' 
pole, great in politics; Ne"wton in science; 
Addison in letters ; and Pope in poetry. 

12. To the American Epochy no years, froro 
1770 to 1880 A.D., associated with Independ- 
ence Hall, not including the names of those 
now living, belong George the Third, the 
king of England at a great period ; "William 
Pitt, the great Commoner ; Louis the Six- 
teenth, the ill-fated king of France ; Napo- 
leon, who renewed the empire of Charle- 
magne, but died in the ocean-prison of St. 
Helena ; Wellington, who won at Waterloo ; 
and in America the names of "Washington, 
Franklin, and Jefferson in the early history 
of the Republic, and those of Lincoln and 
Garfield in its later. 

STUDENTS' REVIEW OUTLINE. 

1. Mes. Ep. [Tower.]— Ad. En, Meth. No. Sh. 
Ha. Ja. Mis. Nim. Assh. 

3. Eg. Ep. [Pyram.]— Th. Ram. Ab. Ja. Mos. Gid. 
Dav. Cad. Pri. ^n. 

3. Heb. Ep. [Temp.]— Jer. Hez. Jos. Elij. Isa. Jer. 
Sen. Horn. Lye. Rom. 

4. Ch.-Per. Ep. [GARD.]-Zed. Dan. Neb. Cy. Dar. 
SoL Py. Con. Tar. Bru. 

5. Gr. Ep, [Par.]— MiL Per. Them. Soc. Pla. Aris. 
Dem. Phid. Alex. Her. 

6. Rom. Ep. [For.] — Gr. Sul. Cse. Aug. Traj. 
Jes. Pau. Cic. Vir. Ori. 

7. Byz. Ep. [Church.]— Con. Theo. Jus. Al. Att. 
Odo. Aug. Chr. Art. Clo. 



Outlines of General History. 65 

8. Sar. Ep. [Stone.1— Mo. Om. 0th. Al. Har.-Ras. 
Clo. Char.-Mar. Pep. Be. Har.-Har. 

9. Pap.-Ro. Ep. [Alt.1— Char. Bar. Egb. Alf. 
Wil. Greg. VII. Pet. Geiig. Col. 

10. West. Eur. Ep. [Door.]— Lu. Eliz. Ch. V. 
Wil-Si. Rich. Lou. XIV. Crom. Sol. Kno. Shak. 

11. Eng. Ep.— [Abb.]— Wil. III. An. Mar. Fred. 
Pet. Mar.-The. Wal. New. Add. Po. 

12. Am. Ep. [Hall.]— Geo. III. Wil.-P. Lou. XVL 
Nap. Wei. Was. Fran. Jef. Lin. Gar. 

QUESTIONS FOR EXAMINA TION. 

Name six founders of empires, and assign them to 
their several epochs. 

Name six great generals, and assign to epochs. 

Name six of the best characters, and assign to epochs. 

Name six eminent names in statesmanship. 

Name six poets and writers of eminence. 

Name six persons who have done the most for the 
human race. 



SIXTH EXERCISE. 

We will present brief outlines of the his- 
tory of the world and its leading peoples. 

I, The history of the world may be ar- 
ranged according to the following geograph- 
ical table : 

1. The history of the Middle East— Chal- 
dea, Assyria, and the nations about. 

2. The history of the Eastern East — 
India and China. 

3. The history of the Western East— 



66 Outlines of General History, 

Syria, Palestine, Phoenicia, Philistia, Arabia, 
Egypt. 

4. The history of the Eastern West^ 
Asia Minor and Greece. 

5. The history of the Middle West — 
Rome, Germany, and Northern Europe, 
France, England. 

6. The histoiy of the Western West- 
America. 

II. The history of the Middle East may 
be divided as follows : 

1. The Early Babylonian Period, from 
the Deluge to 1250 B.C. [Greatest names, 
Nimrod, Chedor-laome?.] 

2. The Assyrian Period, from 1250 to 
625 B.C. [Sargon, Sennacherib, Asshur- 
bani-pal.] 

3. The Later Babylonian Period, from 
625 to 536 B.C. [Nabopolassar, Nebuchad- 
nezzar, Belshazzar.] 

4. The Persian Period, from 536 to 330 
B.C. [Cyrus, Darius, Xerxes.] Conquered 
by Alexander the Great. 

III. The history of Egypt may be divided 
as follows: 

I. The Old Memphian Period, from the 
Deluge to 2080 B.C. [Pyramid built by 
Cheops or Khufu.] 
, 2. The Early Theban Period, (or, Mid- 



Outlines of General History, 67 

die Kingdom,) from 2080 to 1900 B.C. 
[Sesortasen, Amenemes.] 

3. The Hyksos Period, (or, Shepherd 
Kings,) from 1900 to 1500 B.C. [Visit of 
Abraham.] 

4. The New Theban Period, from 1500 
to 527 B.C. [Thothmes III., Rameses II., 
" the Great."] 

5. The Foreign Period, from 527 to 330 
B.C. Ethiopian, Assyrian, and Persian dy- 
nasties. [Psammetichus, Amasis.] 

6. The Greek Period, from 330 to 30 B.C., 
when Egypt became a Roman province. 
[Alexander the Great, the Ptolemies, Cleo- 
patra.] 

IV. The history of Greece may be divided 
as follows. [See Chautauqua Text-Book, 
No. 5.] 

1. The Heroic, or age of fable ^ 2000 to 
1000 B.C. 

2. The Homeric, or age oi poetry, 1000 to 
776 B.C. 

3. The Historico-traditional, or age of 
blended /ar/f and tradition, 776 to 490 B.C. 

4. The Historic, or age of authentic his- 
tory, 490 B.C. to 1880 A.D. This period 
may be thus subdivided : 

I.) The Persian Wars, 490 to 479 B.C. 
[Miltiades, Themistocles.j , 



68 Outlhies of General History,^ 

2.) The Athenian Period, 479 to 404 B.C. 
[Pericles.] 

3.) The Spartan Period, 404 to 371 B.C. 
[Lysander, Socrates.] 

4.) The Theban Period, 371 to 361 B.C. 
[Epaminondas.] 

5.) The Macedonian Period, 361 to 146 
B.C. [Alexander the Great.] 

6.) The Roman Period, 146 B.C. to 395 
A.D. 

7.) The Byzantine Period, 395 to 1453 
A.D. 

8.) The Modern Period, 1453 to 1880 A.D. 

V. The history of Rome may be divided as 
follows. [See Chautauqua Text-Book, No, 
16.] 

1. The Traditional, from 1000 to 509 
B.C. (i.) From the Etruscan entrance to 
the founding of Rome. (2.) From the found- 
ing of Rome to the expulsion of the king. 

2. The Republican, from 509 to 30 B.C. 
(I.) Class strife. (2.) Tribal feuds. (3.) For- 
eign conquests. (4.) Civil wars. 

3. The Imperial, from 30 B.C. to 476 
A.D. (i.) Augustan Age. (2.) Augustan 
Emperors. (3.) Age of the Twelve. (4.) Age 
of Decline. (5.) Age of the Vandals. 

VI. The history of Germany may be di- 
vided as follows : ^ 



Outlines of General History. 69 

1. The period of Migration, 300 to 500 
A.D. [Alaric, Attila.] 

2. The period of the Franks, 500 to 800 
A.D. [Clovis, Chothan, Charles Martel.] 

3. The period of the Carlovingian Em- 
perors, 800 to 911 A.D. [Charlemagne.] 

4. The period of Saxon Emperors, 911 
to 1024 A.D. [Otho the Great.] 

5. The period of Franconian Emperors, 
1024 to 1 125 A.D. [Henry III., Pope Greg- 
ory VII.] 

6. The period of Suabian Emperors, 
♦' the Hohenstaufen," 1125 to 1273. [Fred- 
erick Barbarossa, Frederick II.] 

7. The period of Hapsburg Emperors, 
" the House of Austria," 1273 to 1804. [Ru- 
dolph of Hapsburg, Charles V.] 

8. The period of Confederation, 1804 to 
1870 A.D. [No emperor.] 

9. The period of the New Empire, 1870 
to 1881. [" Kaiser Wilhelm."] 

VII. The history of France may be di- 
vided as follows : 

1. The Carlovingians, i. e., descendants 
of Charlemagne, 800 to 987 A.D. 

2. The Capetian Kings, 987 to 1327 A.D. 
[Hugh Capet, Louis IX., ("St. Louis.")] 

3. The House of Valois, 1327 to 1589. 
[Louis XI,, Francis I.] 



70 Outlines of General History. 

4. The House of Bourbon, 1589 to 1789. 
[Henry IV., Richelieu, Louis XIV.] 

5. The Revolutionary Period, 1789 to 
1881. (I.) The First Republic. (2.) The 
age of Napoleon. (3.) The Bourbons restored. 
(4.) The House of Orleans. [Louis Philippe.] 
(5.) The Second Republic. (6.) The Second 
Empire. (7.) The Third Republic. 

VIII. The history of England may be di- 
vided as follows. [See Chautauqua Text- 
Book, No. 4.] 

1. Period of the First Inhabitants, Celts 
and Britons. 

2. Period of the First Invaders, (Romans, 
Picts, and Scots,) about 500 years. 

3. Period of the First Saxons, (Hengist, 
Horsa, Heptarchy,) about 370 years. 

4. Period of the Five Lines, (Saxon, 
Danish, Saxon restored, Norman, Plantag- 
enet,) about 570 years. 

5. Period of the Five Houses, (Lancaster, 
York, Tudor, Stuart, Hanover,) about 470 
years. 

IX. The history of America may be di- 
vided as follows. [See Chautauqua Text- 
Book, No. 2T.] 

I. Period of Discovery, 1000 to 1607 A.D. 
[Eleventh, Fifteenth, Sixteenth Century, 
Erickson, Columbus, De Soto.] 



Outlines of General History. 71 

2. Period of the Colonies, 1607 to 1765. 
(i.) Settlement of the Colonies. (2.) Wars 
of the Colonies. 

3. Period of the Revolution, 1765 to 1789. 
(l.) Preparation, 1765 to 1 775. (2.) Outbreak 
of war, 1775 to 1776. (3.) Campaigns in the 
Middle States, 1776 to 1778. (4.) Cam- 
paigns in the South, 1778 to 1783. (5.) Set- 
tlement of the Constitution, 1783 to 1789. 

4. Period of the Union, 1789 to i88i. 
(i.) Era of Foreign Relations, 1781 to 1815. 
(2.) Era of National Progress, 1815 to i860. 
(3.) Era of Civil War and its Results, i860 to 
1880. 



